UNCIVILIZED 
CIVILIZATION 



BY 

SCHWARTZRERG 




f.lass CTB 4£5 

Bonk .ft 4- 



GqppgM 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



UNCIVILIZED 
CIVILIZATION 



By 

Morris and Benjamin Schzvartzberg 




Published by 

THE NEW ERA PUBLISHING CO. 

CHICAGO 

1920 






MV 29 1920 



©CI.A604553 



Copyright 1920 

By 

The New Era Publishing Co. 



469 



PREFACE 

The reason for selecting "Uncivilized Civilization' ' 
as the title of this little volume is to show that the kind 
of civilization that certain people think is in existence, 
is simply uncivilized. Numerous books have been writ- 
ten in regard to the civilization of the present era. 
Some authors are trying to prove that civilization goes 
forward, others of the common and scientific circles be- 
lieve that it always goes forward and backward. The 
writers here endeavor to prove that not only is the 
present civilization uncivilized, but it is absolutely non- 
contemporary in comparison with that of the ancient 
epochs. 

It is true that the present world events are of great 
supernatural significance and mental phenomena, and 
that everything which was considered as a Utopian 
dream has become at the present an actual fact. It is 
also true that these world happenings may be con- 
sidered and admired, as great miracles out of ordi- 
nary events, of which some are not only superior than 
the problem of the occult of mankind, but from certain 
particular standpoints are beyond the comprehension 
of the intellectual mind. Nevertheless, and regardless 

iii 



iv Preface 

of all these world occurrences, it^ will be seen that 
civilization of the present century has from certain 
aspects been more underrated than overrated. In- 
stead civilization should be in existence, and dominate 
the world; it will here be shown to be entirely antag- 
onistic. 

The democracies and various political changes that 
seem to have been established in various countries, due 
entirely to the world war, are not the slightest proof 
that humanity of the present century is higher 
civilized, and as a result ordained to a certain extent 
more rights and human freedom; because if this 
should be the chief reason, then no liberty and other 
reforms pertaining to social welfare and human prog- 
ress could be acquired, unless wars, especially as the 
recent world war, which excelled many others of the 
barbaric and other inhuman struggles of previous cen- 
turies were continued. It is, therefore, obvious that 
the people of the present time are incapable of acquir- 
ing differently political and industrial democracy and 
social progress, which some are assumptions in theory, 
but not quite accomplished in practice. 

A great deal of time has been spent by the writers 
of this treatise in research, and in accumulating neces- 
sary justifications for the purpose of illustrating this 



Preface v 

work in the most correct and concise manner. In fact, 
several revisions were necessary in order to put the 
original manuscript in accordance with the situations 
and standard modern world metamorphosis, owing 
to the fact that events of the present of almost any 
nature are changing quicker than the velocity of any 
moving substance of which the human mind can only 
conceive. 



FOREWORD 

Upon the compilation of this work, and being ready 
for its publication, the writers were anxious to submit 
the original manuscript to certain individuals for the 
purpose of hearing their opinions and suggestions con- 
cerning its literary merit and so on. 

Owing to this fact, a radical change has been made, 
and were it not for this reason, the said work would 
have been composed of more reading matter, i.e., with 
topics dealing with interesting affairs, but not closely 
related to the main title. 

Among the suggestions which were offered, one was 
considered by the writers as essential, and that is as 
the work is being practically made up, and devoted to 
a limited topic which shows that Progress and Civili- 
zation of the present time are to a considerable degree 
below par, and in a state of retrogression, and as a 
result entitled it " Uncivilized Civilization. ' ' While 
dealing with a subject of this nature, and in order to 
apprehend the work to an appreciable result, it is there- 
fore of utmost importance to define the words being 
termed Progress and Civilization. This is beiiig done 



Foreword vii 

by the writers in a separate part, which considers as 
the Foreword to this work. 

The word being termed Progress has as usual differ- 
ent meanings that can be applied, mostly signifiying to 
the extent of embodying things of any material nature 
to go onward or forward, referring as a rule to the 
phenomena of natural social evolutions that suppose to 
exist, and things that are expected to be in existence 
in time to come. And the word termed Civilization is 
an obvious derivation of the Latin civis, or civilis, 
both meaning and pertaining to a citizen, which to- 
gether embodies a comprehensive term, Civilization. 

An adequate proof of Civilization, as it is known 
to us, is the result of a long, slow process of evolution, 
which was put forward shortly after the middle of the 
19th century by students of Palaeontology and of pre- 
historic Archaeology. 

Progress of Civilization, in the language of familiar 
form of expression, is expected to denote something 
that the human element aims to achieve which should 
be for the betterment in every respect for the common 
and all the classes of mankind. It further aims to 
attain a stage by which the struggle for human exist- 
ence should be virtually curtailed. It also anticipates 
to achieve an epoch to be of real and true democracy, 



viii Foreword 

in the field of social reconstruction, industrial and 
political equality, not only on paper, but underlying 
the principles to the extent of actual subsistence, so 
that life should really be worth living. 

The world war, for example, has aroused in the 
heart and mind of every individual, especially of 
those who took an actual part, new hopes and higher 
idealism to everything that only exists in this material 
world, and which can be elaborated into its real utiliza- 
tion. But what have we seen so far since the world 
conflict has ceased, and the cause for which so many 
millions of lives have been sacrificed, besides the enor- 
mous appropriations of pecuniary means and the waste 
of destructive property, that were necessary in order 
to accomplish it all successfully? While this has duly 
been attained, what do we see ? We are at present con- 
fronted with situations which are of appalling natures. 
Chaos industrial and political unrests are found to be 
of a superlative degree throughout the world. We 
have achieved an epoch that can easily be commensu- 
rated in its equality to the time of the destruction and 
overthrow of the Western Civilization of the Roman 
Empire by the barbarian elements, which were as a 
result of long periods of conflicts that occurred in the 
fifth century and ended at the close of the fifteenth 



Foreword ix 

century, and which further resulted in the middle ages, 
and finally reached the periods of Feudalism. 

So it is the exact situation today. The world 
struggle has successfully ended. The German auto- 
cratic empire has entirely been destroyed, including 
its system of militarism, which was a menace to the 
world at large, but to what result did all these accom- 
plishments lead to? Had it really brought to all the 
nations who were actually involved what it sought — 
which was Universal Peace and Democracy? It seems 
not, for we still see that more than a score of European 
and Balkan nations are warring one with another. 
Wars are still in actual progress, just as they were in 
the year of 1914. Plundering and destruction of prop- 
erties by one nation against the other are also yet in 
regular progress. The League of Nations has not yet 
proved, and is not expected to prove to be of a prac- 
tical preventable means of ceasing and declaring wars. 
General chaos and serious discontents among the Pub- 
lic are constantly on the increase in the United States 
as well as in the European countries. Enactments of 
drastic laws are being vigorously advocated and often 
adopted. Abridging of human freedom and persecu- 
tions of people are still being encouraged and fully 
executed ever since the war started and ended. Race 



x Foreword 

riots are in frequent occurrence in considerable num- 
ber of cities in the United States, which also results 
in hundreds of human deaths, destruction of property 
which amounts to enormous wealth. Monopolizing and 
profiteering of huge wealth by private industries are 
still in actual progress. When we happen to suffer 
misfortunate deeds others are found to be hilarious. 
Fraud and murderous acts are being carried out 
on a high ratio. Hypocrisy, hatred, prostitution and 
various other vices are also to be found in great pro- 
portions at present. Tens of millions of human beings 
are totally starving to death in Europe and other conti- 
nents of the earth. (Due mostly as a direct result of 
the world war.) Mercy and human benevolence seem 
to be entirely vanished. Conditions of the present lead 
that the hearts of the human race of our times should 
be granited, and anything that is not for the divine 
cause — which is money— cannot actually be accom- 
plished, and neither is it expected to be any better 
in the future; it is regretful to predict that it may 
rather lead to worse. And all these horrors are as a 
direct result of the so-called Democracy, Progress and 
Civilization which the present century should have 
attained. 



Foreword xi 

The writers have tried during the completion of 
the work to make it simple and smooth reading, re- 
fraining itself from the employing of technical terms 
and literary expressions as much as possible. They 
also aimed to take no advocating side with reference 
of pointing out chief causes of the present chaotic 
conditions, or refer as to where the embryo of the 
exact hope of humanity should be located. Neither 
have they endeavored to suggest remedies. They have 
rather assumed an impartial stand in this subject, and 
therefore tried to describe things as they really are. 
They have tried to discuss this brief subject, not only 
from local or national, but also from different interna- 
tional standpoints. And as a result the writers hope 
and expect that not only will this little volume be 
proved to coincide in accordance with the present pre- 
vailing circumstances, but duly believe that it will 
also serve as a practical guide and useful reference 
to any person for the present and future times, no 
matter whether he will be consistent to the material 
and ideas of the writers or not. 



CHAPTER I 

It is well known and has often been said that the 
people of the present century are living at a time when 
the human race should have achieved progress and 
civilization, though many of the scientific and literary 
world have been, and are still, discussing whether 
progress and civilization have really been achieved. 
To solve this is a difficult problem. 

Our present wonderful inventions have often been 
pointed out ; it is said that they were not to be found in 
previous centuries. We are referred, for instance, to 
the various late inventions, such as the aircrafts, 
dreadnaughts, superdreadnaughts, submarines and 
deadly gases that are being used and developed at 
present. But, regardless of all these scientific and 
mechanical inventions and discoveries, it can and will 
be ascertained that we are not living in, and have not 
yet achieved, the age of progress and the state of 
civilization. It may seem to some people peculiar, 
but it is here aimed to prove this fact with corrobo- 
rative evidences up to an appreciable extent. If prog- 
ress of civilization in these modern times goes forward, 

then it goes backward as well, and also to a greater 

12 



Uncivilized Civilisation 13 

extent. Not backward to certain degrees of ancient 
science and intelligence, but backward to the time of 
the dark ages, inquisition of Spain, savagery and 
barbarism. Those who consider this century an era 
of civilization do so merely because of the inventions 
that are produced annually. ("The new inventions 
are humanity's destructors to annihilate civilization's 
destroyers," as Dr. Stanton Coit says in his lecture, 
".Is Civilization a Disease?" page 101.) 

While the author does not state this idea more 
definitely, the questions therefore arise: What is the 
principal purpose of all these modern mechanical in- 
ventions which are being utilized at the present time ? 
Are they for the purpose of prolonging the existence 
of mankind ? Has the average person derived, or will 
he derive, any benefit from all these new technical 
devices which are being manufactured and brought 
into use in different countries ? Time has proven that 
these new inventions and discoveries have brought, 
and will henceforth bring, more deaths upon the human 
race. Experience has shown, and will further show, 
that the more wonderful and greater the future inven- 
tions will be, the greater will be the number of deaths 
they will bring upon humanity. 

The yearly death toll from preventable accidents is 



14 Uncivilized Civilization 

appalling. Brief statistics, gathered from the report 
of the Roosevelt conservation commission on national 
vitality, show that the mortality in the United States 
only, is over 10,000 people killed every year from acci- 
dental falls and about 8,000 are perishing in railroad 
accidents. Out of over 3,000,000 beds kept constantly 
filled in the United States hospitals, 600,000 deaths 
are the yearly toll which could be prevented if actual 
civilization and the real knowledge would be applied. 
It is estimated that the cut off in earning capacities 
that could be prevented by the premature deaths 
amounts to over $1,500,000,000 annually.* 

Take, for example, the number of deaths which 
the various inventions are causing, in war and in 
peace times, such as aeroplanes, motor cars, motor 
cycles, submarines, automobiles, steam engines, elec- 
tric cars, farming and industrial machinery, etc. 
From the above statistics it is easy to see that the 
number of deaths throughout the world, caused by 
the inventions of modern times, through accidents or 
catastrophes would undoubtedly run into hundreds of 



* A general information on this subject can also be seen, by securing 
the nineteenth annual IT. S. Government Eeport, entitled " Mortality 
Statistics of 1918.' ' 



Uncivilized Civilization 15 

thousands each year and the losses would amount to 
billions of dollars. 

It is possible, and also probable, that a time will 
come when an invention will be produced to make the 
submarine useless. There are no anti-super dread- 
naughts now, but there will probably come an inven- 
tion known as a super-supernatural dreadnaught. 
There are at present air and anti-air crafts. In time 
to come there will, no doubt, be invented supernatural 
anti-aeroplanes — and still a day may come when supe- 
rior inventions will be produced that will make these 
devices useless — probably known as extraordinary 
supernatural super-anti-dreadnaughts, aeroplanes, 
submarines, etc. It would require a great deal of 
time to search in different dictionaries and ency- 
clopedias to find proper names for the future inven- 
tions. However, assuming that such inventions and 
discoveries are made, it will not necessarily mean that, 
because of them, the world will reach a higher degree 
of civilization than in the present and the previous 
epochs.* Unless the world comes to a greater com- 
prehension of the real significance of Justice and the 



* American Nervousness, by George M. Beard, page 113. 



16 Uncivilized Civilization 

attainment of Universal Democracy by Mankind,* 
otherwise no real progress of civilization will be 
achieved. 

King Solomon wrote, in his famous book of Ec- 
clesiastes (Koheleth), about one thousand years 
before Christ: "there is no new thing under the sun."f 
This probably means that all the inventions and 
discoveries then existed, as well as all brought out 
since, and to be invented and discovered in the future, 
are not, and will not be, considered as new — that all 
future happenings were already in the past. If the 
present generation is proud of its various technical 
inventions and discoveries, and if this should be the 
chief reason for calling this an age of progress and 
civilization, then the world of centuries ago was more 
highly civilized scientifically than the world of today 4 
As a matter of fact, great philosophers, astronomers, 
authors, inventors, explorers, and other men of 
genius, were more numerous and of superior men- 
tality, centuries, and even with millenniums, previous 
to the time of Christ than are men of similar types to- 
day.§ Take, for instance, the best known authors, 



* Ancient Civilization, by Eoscoe Lewis Ashley, page 3. 

t The Book of Ecclesiastes, by Samuel Cox, page 70, v. 9. 

X What Is Civilization — in the Past, in the Present? page 221, by 
Arthur Mitchell. 

§ The Historians' History of the World, by Henry Smith Williams, 
page 42, below. 



Uncivilized Civilization 17 

here vivified, backward from century to century down 
to the centuries before Christ. The best known 
authors of the Twentieth Century are Tolstoi and 
Ruskin; from the Twentieth to the Nineteenth were 
Scott, Byron, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Goethe, and 
Schiller; from the Nineteenth to the Eighteenth were 
Burns, Goldsmith and Johnson; from the Eighteenth 
to the middle of the Eighteenth were Edison and 
Pope ; from the middle of the Eighteenth to the Seven- 
teenth were Dryden and Spinoza; from the Seven- 
teenth to the Civil War period (1625-1660), Milton; 
from that time to the first creative period (1558-1625), 
the Sixteenth Century, were Spencer, Bacon and 
Shakespeare; from that time down to the formative 
period (1066-1400), the Fourteenth Century, was 
Chaucer; and from those epochs down to the time of 
about 400 B. C. was the highly gifted and renowned 
Aristotle, and so on.* 

It will also be worth while to mention some of the 
well known scientific men, such as inventors, explorers, 
and authors of present and ancient times. 

In the years of 1642-1727 lived Sir Isaac Newton, 



* See Greece in the Four Civilizations of the World, by Henry Wikoff, 
pages 17, 18 and 19. 



18 Uncivilized Civilization 

known as the keenest of all mathematical thinkers. 
His important scientific achievement was the dis- 
covery and verification of the laws of motion. In the 
year 400 B. C. an aerometer was invented in Alex- 
andria. In 55* B. C. the manufacture of silk was in- 
troduced in China. In the years of 1115 B. C. the 
mariners' compass was first known. Also the print- 
ing press, which is still considered as the greatest 
mechanical invention, was also first known at that 
period. In the year of 400 B. C. Archytos of Taren- 
tum invented an hydraulic machine. In 160-125 B. C. 
Hipparchus of Nicea in Bithynia, first and greatest 
Grecian Astronomer, founded scientific astronomy, 
catalogued the stars, invented the plane-sphere, calcu- 
lated eclipses, discovered the eccentricity of the Solar 
Orbit and some of the inequalities of the moon's mo- 
tions, and noted the procession of the equinoxes.* 

Do such great authors, inventors, explorers and 
other great geniuses exist today? It is here noted that 
the farther back one goes, the greater in talent and 
the more numerous were such men. Numerous books 
have been written by present-day authors concerning 



*For further details and information concerning the various impor- 
tant inventions and discoveries of ancient and modern times, see Calendar 
of Inventions and Discoveries, by John Cassin Wait. 



Uncivilized Civilization 19 

the profound intellects of those great thinkers of an- 
cient times. In many universities, colleges and other 
prominent educational institutions are professors 
teaching and lecturing, to students of various faculties, 
on the theories and hypothesis which the man of intui- 
tive and mental superiority of centuries ago possessed; 
and still a great deal of their work is so profoundly 
written that it requires much explanation and keen 
understanding.* 

What particular reason has this century for being 
called an era of progress and civilization, as apart 
from other centuries? In the engineering and tech- 
nical institutions of today the fundamental theories 
of Sir Isaac Newton and other geniuses of previous 
times are being taught. Also, in every prominent 
school of higher learning are being taught and studied 
the doctrines of various sciences, arts and ancient 
literature left to us by departed men of genius. t It 
is not difficult to understand, and many undoubtedly 
will concede, that a superior degree of civilization ex- 
isted in the time of Shakespeare, Newton and Bacon, 
and in earlier epochs, than exists today 4 



* Beacon Lights of History, Part VII, under Solomon, page 259, by 
John Lord. 

t In What Arts Have the Modern Excelled the Ancients? in the 
Oxford English Prize Essay, by D. A. Tolbays, Vol. I, page 98. 

t Ibid, on the Characteristic Differences between Ancient and Modern 
Poetry, page 110. 



20 Uncivilized Civilization 

We consider and greatly admire the different 
authors of ancient epochs who left literature and art 
to posterity of the present and future centuries — gifts 
of great intellectual, intuitive and philosophical value 
— but all the literature of those supernatural beings is 
not to be compared with the literature of Solomon. It 
is more or less known by the literary world, and it is 
a fact that King Solomon's literature, especially the 
" Songs of Songs' ' and "Ecclesiastes" (Kohelet or the 
Theosophy — the Bible of the New and from the New 
to the Old Testaments) are of more value to the lit- 
erary and scientific world* of the present time than 
Shakespeare's most noted works, such as the "Trag- 
edy of Macbeth," "Hamlet" or the "Merchant of 
Venice" — or the best works of other highly noted 
authors of past centuries of similar elements, already 
mentioned.! Again it is shown that the further in 
retrogression generations go, or the further back past 
generations are traced, the more genius of super- 
natural wisdom and mental phenomena existed, and 
naturally been gifted and versed in omniscience. § Not 



* Vid. Sup., page 456. Philosophy and History of Civilization, by 
Alexander Alison. 

t Preface VII to Solomon and Solomonic Literature, by M. D. Conway. 
§ See footnote 1 to page 25. 



Uncivilized Civilization 21 

only is it here tried to bring forth that the human 
race of the present time is far more underrated, from 
the standpoint of modern science, arts and other lines, 
but it can also be proved to a large extent that the 
human race is also steadily decreasing physically and 
statury from generation to generation.* 

It might be true that there are people who believe 
that books written in modern times should be of more 
literary and intellectual merit than the works of an- 
cient authors. Nevertheless the people of the present 
literary and scientific circles, especially those who are 
constantly engaged in research work, believe that only 
from books which were compiled in the earliest epochs, 
and which are preserved in modern libraries, can they 
expect to derive valuable theories, experiments in nat- 
ural arts and sciences and other helps, which can be 
obtained by scrutinizing these books, can be utilized 
for the benefit of the present and future centuries. 
This is a more or less proof that the ancient works, 
which are so to say of artistic ability are more valuable 
than those of today. f 



* For a complete corroborative statement regarding this subject, see 
an excellent illustrated article on second page of American Weekly sec- 
tion of the Chicago Herald and Examiner of Sunday, August 31, 1919, 
entitled "Why Science Believes We Are on Our Way Back to the 
Pygmies, ' ' by Dr. W. H. Ballon. 

t See What Is Civilization — in the Past, in the Present? by Arthur 
Mitchell, page 234. 



22 Uncivilized Civilization 

In a recent article that has been published by the 
San Francisco Chronicle, and reprinted in one of the 
Chicago daily newspapers, the following is worth while 
to cite: 

With our resources we cannot match some achievement 
of antiquity. Moderns are in the habit of assuming that 
their accomplishments transcend in importance those of the 
ancient, but there are fields of activity in which, with all the 
appliances furnished by the ingenious mechanics of our time, 
we have not succeeded in remotely approaching the achieve- 
ments of peoples who flourished milleniums ago and who, 
from all accounts, worked with tools of the most primitive 
character. 

We have made our boasts about cutting through the 
Isthmus of Panama and pride ourselves on the construction 
of the Roosevelt dam in Arizona, but the British engineers, 
operating in the regions between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, 
in central Asia, have made discoveries which indicate that 
the irrigation system constructed to utilize the waters of those 
great streams was a more daring conception and accomplished 
more for the good of man than any project conceived or car- 
ried out by modern man. 

At a recent meeting of the British Royal Geographical 
Society one of these engineers read a paper describing the 
observations made by the aviators of the corps to which he 
was attached, in which he expressed the belief that by the 
aid of this irrigation system a population of perhaps 90,000 
people was subsisted. His descriptions were accompanied by 
photographs obtained while hovering over the country which 



Uncivilized Civilization 23 

revealed wonders of construction only casually referred by 
archaeologists, who were more bent on securing portable 
articles illustrating the life of ancient peoples than in study- 
ing the evidence and causes that contributed to their great- 
ness. 

Unquestionably the foundation of these flourishing civili- 
zations was the utilization of water, which they practiced on 
a scale almost inconceivable to moderns, who have given at- 
tention to the subject of irrigation. Apparently they con- 
ceived and carried out projects which in this country shrink 
from considering. The aerial photographs taken by the engi- 
neers disclose that the plain was covered with network of 
canals whose dimensions make the irrigation ditches we have 
produced in California seem like insignificant gutters by 
comparison. 

These canals led the water to every part of the country, 
and they appear to have been paralleled by roads which made 
communication with the cities and producing region easy. 
By their means the Tigris and the Euphrates were controlled 
and kept in their proper channels. Many clay tablets have 
been found which describe the care taken to restrain these 
great rivers, and which give some idea of the expense in- 
curred in keeping the relieving canals free from accumula- 
tions of silt, so that their usefulness for purposes of irriga- 
tion would not be impaired. 

These canals were provided with regulators substantially 
constructed, the purpose of which was to control the water 
fed from them to subterranean channels. These latter must 
have carried a large volume of water, otherwise the expense 
involved in their construction would not have been justified, 



24 Uncivilized Civilization 

the remains of weirs and regulating sluices of masonry near 
Samarra may still be seen, although the Arabs have been 
drawing on them for building material during many cen- 
turies. When these mighty works are spoken of usually there 
is prompt reference to the undoubted fact that they were 
carried out by slave labor, the assumption being that auto- 
cratically driven humans can accomplish more than can be 
effected by the use of most ingenious and powerful modern 
machinery. But that cannot be true. The explanation of 
our failure to match these useful works of antiquity more 
than likely is due to the fact that the modern mechanical 
development has until recently been confined to regions in 
which the paramount use of water has been for purposes of 
navigation and not of production. 

It is a potential fact that, had the men of the pre- 
vious scientific world lived a half century or a century, 
for an example, longer than the natural time allotted 
them, or did ancient geniuses exist in the present cen- 
tury, not only would they have produced greater in- 
ventions than those which are now being made, but 
they also would have been more or less of supernatural 
types — which would probably made the people of the 
earth come in contact long ago with the living beings 
of inhabited planets thousands of miles away. Inas- 
much as the world of intelligence and progress of 
antiquity is concerned, the authors and others of an- 
cient ingenuity were not only successful in under- 



Uncivilized Civilization 25 

standing the principles of arts and science of various 
times* but were also capable of comprehending the 
phenomena of the human occult in a superior degree 
than the men of the scientific world of modern times. t 
" There are millions of men in Europe and America 
today whose whole mental equipment — despite the fact 
that they have been taught to read and write — is far 
more closely akin to the average of the upper period 
of barbarism than to the highest standards of their 
own time.":): 

There is no doubt that the ancient and world of 
antiquity had more reasons of being proud of their 
state of progress and civilization than the world of 
today. Eegardless of not having produced mechan- 
ical devices similar to those of the present time, though 
they had more rights of being called an age of intel- 
ligence and civilization than the present. The funda- 
mental theories, the ancient inventions, explorations 
and other devices of mental technicology, were not 
only of great value and high importance to the genera- 
tions of centuries ago, but are also of great value and 



* See The Human Mind, Vol. 1, page 78, by S. W. Fullom, and also 
American Nervousness, page 93, below, by George M. Beard. 

t See What Is Civilization — in the Past, in the Present, second para- 
graph, page 194, by Arthur Mitchell. 

X Vid. Sup., page 409, Vol. 6, Encylopedia Britannica. 



26 Uncivilized Civilization 

utmost importance in utilization, development and cul- 
tivation to the prsent scientific, literary and intel- 
lectual achievements. Note also the fact of the recent 
discovery of the so-called "Einstein Theory," of time 
and space — or the fourth dimension. Pertaining to 
the science of physics and astronomy, it is said that 
there are about a dozen men only throughout the scien- 
tific world who are so far capable of apprehending this 
theory, and even this new discovery is to a large ex- 
tent due to the Darwinian and Newtonian fundamental 
laws and theories of gravitation. 

Consider and compare also, for example, the various 
arts and crafts being exhibited in the famous national 
museums of great cities of the world, besides the do- 
mestic ones, such as of London, Paris, Washington, 
Berlin, Vienna and many other museums of large cities. 
Visitors who inspect those historical collections de- 
signed and produced by men of previous centuries are 
always conceding that not only are they in most cases 
proficient, as compared to those of the present, but 
also are magnificent and of great inspiration. In many 
instances they are incomprehensible as to how such 
great skilful, scientific art crafts, engravings and 
sculptural technique were in those epochs able to orig- 
inate, design and produce. 






Uncivilized Civilization 27 

The various inventions and discoveries of the an- 
cient times were in most cases essential and utilized 
for the welfare of humanity. The thousands of modern 
inventions, approximately 90% of which are abso- 
lute failures and the remainder, if productive, are in 
most cases for the mere purpose of increasing the mor- 
tality of the human race. Take, for example, the latest 
inventions, such as the machine guns, the British famous 
twenty-centimeter guns, the Austrian-German gigantic 
howitzers, which shell is said to cost $4,000, and when a 
shell of those guns is fired, thousands of soldiers on 
the battlefields are killed; or the very latest so-called 
monster-mystery gun, whose shell was said to reach 
seventy-six miles, a distance which was used against 
the Franco-English front by the Germans in the spring 
of 1918; the deadly gases, and many other industrial 
and military equipments of like sort commonly used 
in modern warfare. In the battles of ancient times it 
would probably take months or years to kill as many 
men with bows and arrows as were annihilated now- 
adays in an hour's time. As a matter of fact, the an- 
cient psychological inventors were devoting practically 
all of their time exclusively — not to the inventions of 
deadly weapons and equipment for ruthless warfare — 
but to produce certain discoveries and improvements 



28 Uncivilized Civilization 

of scientific endeavor for the benefit of the human race 
and the prolongment of the life of mankind. And yet, 
after all, not the world of ancient intelligence but the 
century of the present, with its inhuman deadly inven- 
tions, is called by some people the achievement of 
progress and civilization. 

By order of war and ordnance departments, with 
the co-operation of the National Council of Defense, on 
anvils and by hammers actually been in use during 
the ancient and middle ages, helmets, shields, breast- 
plates, etc., had been wrought during the latest period 
of America's participation in the world war at the 
New York Metropolitan Art Museum for American 
soldiers overseas. They had found that so completely 
were armor defenses studied in the past that nearly 
all the technical suggestions of General Pershing or 
the ordnance department experts were embodied in 
elaborate detail in the pieces in the museum collections 
which ranked to a high degree among the famous armor 
collections. This is especially brought to prove that 
the American government made extraordinary surveys 
into the different countries' museums for the purpose 
of creating adequate means and ample protection with 



Uncivilized Civilization 29 

ancient armor to modern soldiers, especially to the 
Americans overseas in modern warfare.* 

Centuries ago, when a ship was sunk accidentally, a 
rumor ran throughout the world regarding the great 
catastrophe. In the present times, when the greatest 
and most expensive vessels of modern type are sunk 
every day in war time, because of a torpedo, and very 
frequently in times of peace, on account of different 
catastrophes — and in most cases the entire crew being 
drowned — the world is not set agog as in previous 
centuries. Simply because it is taken for granted by 
a certain class of people that it is as a result of Civili- 
zation. The peoples of today are so accustomed to 
such news that it does not much more affect the news 
readers than the ordinary little items found in the 
various daily newspapers. 

Every time when a certain invention comes out, 
which is in most cases nothing new or of extraordinary 
nature, but simply modified from those inventions 
which already existed in previous centuries, so the 
various newspapers and magazines of the country are 
devoting all kinds of articles, trying to convince the 



* For further details or corroboration of this fact, see the Chicago 
Tribune of August 5, page 5, column 5, and the September issue of the 
Scientific Monthly of 1918. 



30 Uncivilized Civilization 

general public that these inventions certainly prove 
that we have approached or are living in an epoch- 
making era, etc. They as a rule forget that some of 
the inventions may prove more harmful than good 
to present humanity. In other words, for every man 
that is being killed through capital punishment, en- 
acted by present society, or for every man who is 
put to death by mob rule, at least ten inventions of use- 
ful and productive character ought to be made in 
order to place the presumed Civilization on the equi- 
librium. As a rule, the people of the present time 
are inclined to take into consideration only one side of 
the fact, with reference to the ultimate existence of 
Civilization. It naturally seems obvious that they do 
not find it necessary to look into the other side of the 
case also, in conjunction to the antagonism of our 
present existing order of Progress and Civilization, 
which, if they would really look into the matter seri- 
ously and closely, they would find that it is, so to speak, 
nothing but corrupt, falls and prostituted judging from 
any particular world standpoint. 

The great European war has proved that civiliza- 
tion of humanity of this century is far from being in 
existence. Where progress and civilization should 
prevail we have barbarism and despotism to occupy its 



Uncivilized Civilization 31 

place. Never before in the history of the human race 
have millions of people annihilated millions of other 
people, wounded them, crippled a great number for 
the remainder of their lives and made millions of 
widows and orphans, leaving them in conditions of 
misery and poverty, as it has been done in the world 
war. History does not record since the creation of 
the earth, or the deluge of the time of Noah, the de- 
struction and ruin, the warring upon one another of 
the peoples of the entire globe, the misery that results 
today because of ignorant and lunatic imperialistic 
rulers. Countries that were founded centuries ago, 
and have dwelled since their beginning in peace and 
honor, were completely destroyed. 

Neither does history show that at any previous 
time billions of dollars were appropriated by govern- 
ments as they have been appropriated in the world 
war, simply for the purpose of buying materials for 
the manufacture of ammunition for modern warfare, 
for the wholesale slaughter of innocent men on the 
battlefields — meantime placing the cities and towns 
in a greater degree of misery and ruin. It will require 
a greater amount of billions of dollars than the usual 
amount which has been appropriated for war pur- 
poses, and many, many years, decades of years, to 



32 Uncivilized Civilization 

rebuild the beautiful Europe which has long been 
known as the Western Civilization. Statistics indi- 
cate, according to the report of the Carnegie Endow- 
ment for International Peace, which has recently been 
issued and made public, that the direct cost of the 
world war was about ($186,000,000,000) one hundred 
and eighty-six billions. The indirect cost is being esti- 
mated to be of the same amount. The capitalized value 
of soldiers' lives, as given in the indirect costs, the 
property losses, losses of production also in the indi- 
rect cost, including war relief, the entire gross amounts 
of all direct and indirect war expenditures, is believed 
to amount approximately four hundred billion ($400,- 
000,000,000). The number of known dead is also given 
by the said report to be nine million nine hundred 
ninety-eighty thousand seven hundred seventy-one 
(9,998,771) and the presumed dead at two million nine 
hundred ninety-one and eight hundred (2,991,800). 

According a report of a correspondent of the Daily 
Telegraph shows that the entire cost of the world war, 
of all nations involved, being estimated to amount to 
four hundred and fifty billion ($450,000,000,000). The 
direct cost is given as two hundred billion dollars 
($200,000,000,000). The indirect costs in diminishing 
and loss to industries amount to two hundred and fifty 



Uncivilized Civilization 33 

billion dollars ($250,000,000,000). Total, four hundred 
and fifty billion dollars ($450,000,000,000). From an- 
other source as is given in a report a year later the 
direct and indirect costs of the world war are esti- 
mated to be about three hundred and thirty-eight 
billion dollars ($338,000,000,000), and human casual- 
ties total to be nearly thirty-four million (34,000,000). 

According to a statistical research having just made 
public, conducted by the Society for Studying the 
Social Consequences of the late world war, which had 
its headquarters at Copenhagen, shows a potential loss 
of population of thirty-five million three hundred and 
twenty thousand (35,320,000) persons since the year 
of 1914 of ten (10) European nations having been 
actually engaged. 

The society also reports that these nations had also 
a population of four hundred million eight hundred 
and fifty thousand (400,850,000) at the end of 1913, 
and under normal conditions this population should 
have increased by the middle of the year 1919 to four 
hundred and twenty-four million two hundred and ten 
thousand (424,210,000). However, it had fallen back 
by that time to approximately three hundred and 
eighty-nine million and thirty thousand (389,030,000), 
which led to the conclusion by the Danish statisticians 



34 Uncivilized Civilization 

that the loss in actual and potential human deaths of 
these nations aggregates forty million (40,000,000) 
people. 

The chief causes of the abnormal falling off in 
population were attributed in the society's report as 
follows : 

Killed in all the battlefields, nine million eight hun- 
dred and nineteen thousand (9,819,000) ; deaths being 
due to augmentation of mortality and economic block- 
ades, including war epidemics, five million three hun- 
dred and one thousand (5,301,000) ; fall in birth rate, 
due to mobilization of fifty-six million (56,000,000) 
men ranging between the ages of 20 and 45 years, 
twenty million two hundred thousand (20,200,000). The 
above figures do no include the victims caused by the 
latest war between Soviet Russia and Poland.* 

Judging from this point, for example, it easily 
shows that if civilization had existed in some parts 
of the world it became under present circumstances 
a dead letter. No civilized people would sacrifice tens 
of millions of victims and inflict severe cruelties and 
commit barbarous deeds which the warring nations 
have daily sacrificed and committed upon and against 

* It is noteworthy that none of these statistical data above given 
seems to correspond and be the final, and the writers therefore assume 
no responsibility. 



Uncivilized Civilization 35 

the non-combatant population, while conquering or 
evacuating cities and towns of their enemies — espe- 
cially the plundering of peaceful inhabitants and 
immoral outraging of tens of thousands of women — 
acts which are more atrocious, cruel and savage than 
were perpetrated in the dark and middle ages. 

The millions of soldiers who have spent years in the 
trenches, ready to annihilate each other, have lost 
their spirit of humanity and have declined from human 
refinement and the progress of men culture to a state 
of murderous savagery and primitive barbarism. They 
have revived and are in possession of, the inheritance 
of wild animals,! a period from which the human race 
has been separated for an interval of thousands of 
years. Approximately over thirty millions of soldiers 
returned to their homes from the arena of the Euro- 
pean war, at its cessation, will be nervous wrecks, 
physically and mentally jeopardized. Those who were 
single and wed in the future will have children who 
must inherit the nature and characters of their fathers, 
speaking from a social scientific standpoint. So it is 
to be expected that the generations of the future times 



t Criminality and Economic Conditions, by Wm. Adria Bonger, pages 
394-395. 



36 Uncivilized Civilization 

will be savages and barbarians, and that civilization 
and human progress will further decay. 

And, leaving the world war out of consideration, we 
are reminded that civilization seems obviously to have 
failed. 

Take, for example, the different inhuman laws en- 
acted by the various governments, such as the so- 
called third degree method. Fancy the pity and sor- 
row of an alleged suspicious criminal as he endures, 
or breaks under the cruel and barbarous treatment 
given such person. He is tortured, without pity or 
mercy, for the purpose of extorting a confession, 
whether he is innocent or guilty. Many of these un- 
fortunate victims are as a rule innocent, but losing 
their self-control as a result of extreme torture in- 
vented by the unscrupulous modern police system, 
they plead many times guilty, and are convicted of 
crimes in which they never took part.f Many innocent 
individuals have been given life sentences, some have 
met death by the way of the electric chair, and many 
others have been hanged on the gallows, because of the 
inefficient barbarous police system, and as a direct 



t Sec The Mob Spirit of America, Chautauqua Press, page 56. 



Uncivilized Civilization 37 

result of the twentieth century justice as it exists in 
the United States and other countries.* 

There are two kinds of spirits for which the United 
States is historically noted. The first is a well-known 
Spirit of 1776, and the other is the spirit of mobs of 
the present time. On the first the freedom of the 
American people, of which they are very proud, is 
based, while of the other, the better class of the people 
of the United States are ashamed. History does not 
record as many brutal and tyrannical deeds in previous 
centuries as are performed under the so-called " Lynch 
Law" in the United States. 

It often occurs that a crowd of bloodthirsty wild 
beasts, in the form of human creatures, break into a 
jail, grab the prisoner out, regardless of being without 
"due process of law," and whether he is guilty or not, 
hang him to a telegraph pole in a public street or burn 
him alive. And the law does not interfere, in most 
cases, to punish the lynchers, who are a disgrace and 
a shame to this country. Such a cruelty as the "Lynch 
Law" does not exist in any other country other than 
the United States. 



* See Philosophy of Civilisation, second paragraph, pages 166-67-68, 
by Jan. Helnus Ferguson. 



38 Uncivilized Civilization 

According to the report issued by the National As- 
sociation for the Advancement of Colored People, 
the following statistics were made public: For the 
last thirty years, from 1889 to 1918, three thousand two 
hundred and twenty-four (3,224) people were put to 
death by mobs in the below given parts of the country. 
Among them were also sixty-one (61) women, fifty 
(50) of whom were colored and eleven (11) white. The 
victims are as follows: 

Victims Percent 

The North 219 6.9 

The South 2,834 87.8 

The West 156 4.8 

Alaska and other localities 15 

Total 3,224 

Among the principal states where the hideous lynch- 
ing mostly prevails the following figures are also given 
out by the said association, including its percentages. 
They are: 

Victims Percent 

In the Mississippi region 337 11.6 

Texas 335 10.5 

Louisiana 313 9.6 



Uncivilized Civilization 39 

Victims Percent 

Alabama 276 8.9 

Arkansas 214 6.9 

Tennessee 196 5.9 

Florida 178 5.5 

Kentucky 169 5.2 

Georgia exceeds all of them with 386 12.1 

The remaining States of the Union whose percent- 
age is not included in the report are as follows : 

South Carolina 120 

Oklahoma 96 

Missouri 81 

Virginia 87 

North Carolina 53 

Wyoming 34 

West Virginia 29 

California 26 

Illinois 24 

Kansas 22 

Montana 22 

Indiana 19 

Colorado 18 

Maryland 17 

Nebraska 17 



40 Uncivilized Civilization 

Washington ; 16 

New Mexico 13 

South Dakota 13 

Ohio 12 

Idaho 11 

Unknown localities 11 

Arizona 8 

Iowa 8 

Alaska 4 

Michigan ... 4 

Minnesota 4 

Nevada 4 

Oregon 4 

Pennsylvania 4 

Wisconsin 4 

New York 3 

North Dakota 2 

Delaware 1 

Maine 1 

New Jersey 1 

The records of lynching that occurred during the 
year of 1919 are as follows : 

Alabama 8 

Arkansas 10 



Uncivilized Civilization 41 

Colorado 2 

Florida 5 

Georgia 22 

Louisiana 8 

Mississippi 12 

Missouri 2 

Nebraska 1 

North Carolina 4 

South Carolina 2 

Tennessee , 1 

Texas 3 

Washington 1 

Kansas 1 

West Virginia 2 

Total 84 

The manners of lynching which occurred are as 
follows : 

Burned to death 13 

Shot to death 26 

Hanged 23 

Beaten to death 2 

Cut to pieces 1 



42 Uncivilized Civilization 

Drowned 1 

Manner unrecorded * 10 

The following is an excerpt from a brief editorial 
of a leading newspaper, in connection to the lynching 
of three negroes at Duluth, Minnesota, which occurred 
June 15, 1920, and which one of them was proved to 
be absolutely innocent : 

Passion, race hatred and spirit of vengeance that actuates 
mobs in Duluth, or elsewhere, are ruinous substitutes for law 
and fact and reason. Prejudice can never take the place of 
justice. Lynch law is an abomination that turns civilized 
society back to savagery, t 

At the present time people of the so-called social 
progress love to see different sporting games of typical 
nature, races by automobiles, motorcycles and motor 
boats, boxing, wrestling matches for championships, 
etc. Hundreds, and probably thousands, of the par- 
ticipants are wounded and made cripples for life every 



* For more information concerning this particular report, and com- 
plete statistical data, write for a copy on Thirty Years of Lynching in 
the United States (1896-1918) to the National Association for the 
Advancement of Colored People, New York, N. Y. See also The Survey 
of May 17, 1919, page 292, and The Literary Digest of January 17, 
1920, page 20. Note, however, that the number of lynchings as given 
briefly in the Literary Digest does not exactly correspond to the num- 
ber and figures covering the year 1919 as submitted separately to the 
writers by the said association. 

t The Chicago Daily News of July 21, 1920. 



Uncivilized Civilization 43 

year, and when these accidents occur the hundreds of 
thousands of spectators, have their greatest pleasure, 
considering it their best enjoyment in life, especially 
in the wrestling matches.* 

This is the kind of social progress mankind of the 
Twentieth Century has achieved. If humanity of the 
present era has really and practically achieved the 
Age of Progress and Civilization, then modern society 
should realize that the different inhuman ordinances 
and barbarous customs in existence at the present time 
make it impossible for mankind to approach the level 
of civilization, and is, therefore, in a state of being 
decayed. 

Regardless of whether civilization and human 
progress exist or not, if humanity of today were in 
a superior degree intelligent, and the right spirit 
dominated the present century, human benevolence 
would understand that the prevailing cruel and in- 
human deeds are an outrage, a shame to the present 
generation, and should have been abolished long ago. 
"Qui non proficit, deficit." As long as all these ter- 
rible practices, such as world wars, capital punishment, 



* See The Philosophy and History of Civilization, by Alexander 
Alison, pages 148-49, seq. 



44 Uncivilized Civilization 

the " third degree" method of extorting confessions, 
the " Lynch Law" massacres and the various sporting 
games, races, etc., which are causing deaths, are in 
existence, and no way is found to abolish them, we are 
not civilized, and, further, the world has reversed from 
a state of ancient human refinement to a submerged 
barbarism, despotism and uncivilization.* 

The Balkanian war of 1913, the second Balkan war 
of the same year and the European w T ar of 1914-1918 
will teach future generations a lesson that will live 
long in reminiscence. We despise and condemn the 
tyranny and despotism of the middle ages; we also 
denounce the brutal and barbarous deeds of the Span- 
ish Inquisition and of the different crusades of cen- 
turies ago; but the cruel deeds of these epochs will 
sink out of sight when trying to compare them with 
the situations prevailing today. Future generations 
will be amazed when history will present to them the 
first and second Balkan wars, and especially the great 
European struggle, in which millions of human lives 
were wantonly destroyed; countless women and chil- 
dren were made widows and orphans. Twelve million 
children in Europe lost one or both parents during the 

* The Spirit of Social Worlc, by Edward T. Devine, page 102. 



Uncivilized Civilization 45 

war, it is shown by compilations gathered by repre- 
sentatives of the American Red Cross in eighteen 
countries. Russia leads with four million; Germany, 
three million, and France, one million. Albania is 
last with seventeen thousand. Billions of dollars were 
appropriated for the carrying on of the war, and deeds 
of brutality and cruelty perpetrated. Even after the 
war, while various representatives of the warring 
powers were assembled at the peace conference for the 
purpose of establishing permanent universal peace 
and democracy, great pogroms have been, and are still 
being performed by the new Polish, Ukrainian, Rou- 
manian and Hungarian governments upon the Jewish 
population of various cities in which they traditionally 
and largely dwell, which resulted, and still results be- 
sides plundering, in murdering hundreds of thou- 
sands of innocent men, women and children. Similar 
atrocities were also instituted by the Turkish govern- 
ment upon the Armenian people. And in addition to 
that, over ten millions (10,000,000) of people deceased 
throughout the world of the influenza epidemic, whose 
chief cause was directly due to the world war, which 
lasted over four years. All these will be considered 
and denounced as worse than the persecutions and 
barbarous events of medieval and ancient times. 



46 Uncivilized Civilization 

If the human race would have achieved the Age 
of Progress and Civilization, the European war would 
never have broken out, or would have been settled by 
diplomatic negotiations, as is suitable to the standard 
of duty of the civilized world, or when such steps were 
inevitable, if it came to fighting, between Austria-Hun- 
gary and Servia, without the interference of other 
nations. These two nations could have settled their 
controversy by means of diplomatic mediation and 
millions of innocent victims would have been saved 
from human subversion, while the wealth, property 
and national integrity of the world would have been 
preserved. However, instead of maintaining a world 
of neutrality, the warring nations sought, and found, 
reasons that could be used as a subterfuge for partici- 
pating in the gigantic world conflict, regardless of the 
wishes of the people of the different nations.* 



* Great statesmen of the United States declared and expressed their 
views why the United States entered the war. Clarence Darrow, for 
instance, declared that the reason the United States entered this war 
was not for democracy, though it is one of the products, but solely 
because our ships were sunk by German submarines without warnings. 
Elihu Eoot expressed his views in an opposite way. In an address which 
he delivered in New York, he also quoted statements of Abraham Lin- 
coln that the entering into this world war by the United States is not 
because our neutral rights were violated by the Imperial German Gov- 
ernment, or because of the sinking of the Lusitania and other American 
ships by German submarines, but simply for a world democracy. Many 
other statesmen expressed their views still differently. In fact, nobody 
knows definitely why the United States entered the great world conflict. 



Uncivilized Civilization 47 

Notwithstanding the reciprocal slaughter on the 
battlefields of Europe, we can learn that civilization 
and material progress are far from being in existence 
at the present century. There were adequate proofs 
of this before the beginning of the European war. 
Men of the scientific world pointed out, prior to that 
time, that human conditions and completions of the 
present century are many degrees worse than existed 
among the peoples of previous epochs.* 

If thinking men of the scientific world, expressing 
their views, long ago, as given in the previous citations 
and footnotes, and in those yet to be authenticated, 
prove that civilization and human progress have not 
yet been achieved — especially when noting the present 
world events and situations — why could it not be pos- 
sible that their supernatural phenomena of psycho- 
logical opinions prove as a true fact that, if progress 
and civilization have existed in some parts of the 
world, and however the world war should have ended, 
one thing is certain, that human progress and civili- 
zation become and will remain a disease and a failure 
under the present universal circumstances.! 



* The Questions of Progress, in the Meaning of History, by Max 
Nordau, page 288. Translated by M. A. Hamilton from the German. 

t See What Is Civilization — in the Past, in the Present? by Arthur 
Mitchell, page 222. 



CHAPTER II 

EVENTS, SITUATIONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES IN GENERAL 

There have been events of certain importance, such 
as the establishment of a republican form of govern- 
ment in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, etc. The 
abdication of the King of Greece, the restoration from 
a republican to a monarchial form of government in 
China, and, in a short while, from that government 
back to a republican form of government, and the 
resignation and frequent changes in the cabinets of 
the various world powers, and other political happen- 
ings — which may be judged by some people as a 
sign of approaching human progress, but these and 
future world events of like nature will but slightly 
change the conditions of the present dominated peo- 
ples, and will have little effect on the diseased progress 
and imperiled civilization.* 

It is true that the war has brought many important 
changes in regard to humanity. It is true that the war 
brought Russia an opportunity to acquire freedom; 

* See Justice in War Time, by Bertrand Russell, page 119. 

48 



Uncivilized Civilization 49 

and also a free new commonwealth of Hebrew tradi- 
tion is likely to be established in Palestine, and many 
other minor nations are in line to acquire independ- 
ence. It is also more or less certain that political 
rights and universal woman's suffrage will be estab- 
lished in different countries of the world as a result of 
the world war. However, such things, if they will 
really occur, would not show that they would have 
occurred in ordinary times of peace, and cannot as a 
result be considered as a step forward to progress and 
civilization. 

The great European war has not only caused future 
generations to go financially bankrupt, but also has 
made it almost impossible for family life to exist. 
Great riots have occurred in the different countries of 
the world as a result of the intolerable high robbery 
of war speculators, and not a thing has been done by 
the governments to relieve the economic question. Bil- 
lions of dollars have been appropriated by the warring 
nations for war expenditures, but not the slightest 
amount of money have they considered it necessary to 
appropriate for the relief of the economic unrest. 
Eiots and starvations are of appallingly frequent oc- 
currence in our wealthy metropolises as a result of the 
big business profiteers and professional speculators of 



50 Uncivilized Civilization 

food stuffs. "Millions for defense, but not one cent 
for tribute," was the slogan of an American admiral 
of over a century ago, and that of today, also in a time 
of struggle, Billions for waste, but not one cent for 
relief, — similar in sound but quite different in mean- 
ing. 

At a close estimation, Eepresentative Hall of Ten- 
nessee figures that the war cost the world, up to the 
anniversary of the United States entering it, about 
one hundred billion dollars ($100,000,000,000). Not- 
withstanding the fact that in 1915 (five years ago) 
financial experts expressed their views and ascertained 
that the warring nations will not be able to continue 
the war a long period of time on account of enormous 
requirements of expenditures, the cost of the great 
world war aggregates already over four hundred and 
fifty billions ($450,000,000,000), which makes about 
$250 on every man, woman and child existing in the 
world at present.* One thing is. certain, if the peoples 
of the world were in a higher degree progressed and 



* A vivid and interesting article available with adequate financial 
war statistics of each warring nation compared and shown the national 
wealth and population per capita of each country can be found in the 
Industrial Economist of October-December, 1917, by W. H. Williams. 
And also The World War's Debt, issued by The Mechanics & Metals 
National Bank of the City of New York of 1919. 



Uncivilized Civilization 51 

civilized, not only would they be able to find adequate 
ways of preventing wholesale human slaughter, but 
instead of wasting the great of the greatest world 
expenditures, they could use those appropriations for 
the cause and welfare of humanity so that there should 
exist no longer any misery, poverty, pauperism, char- 
ity institutions, industrial crises or human sufferings. 
There is no wonder why there are so many suicides 
in the families of today of those who dwell in poverty 
and misery as a result of the present prevailing eco- 
nomic conditions. 

The vital question arising is: Where do the im- 
mense war budgets, amounting to billions, tens of 
billions, of dollars, go to? Not speaking of other 
nations, but of the United States, we know these facts, 
the national treasury has great gold holdings, banking 
resources, investment capacities or accumulated cap- 
ital wealth. Much money has been raised by the taxes 
levied on various manufacturing articles and raw 
materials. The people have subscribed to immense 
war loans, aggregating twenty billion dollars ($20,- 
000,000,000), including war and thrift savings stamps. 
This is comparatively almost greater than double the 
total actual permanent savings of the American popu- 
lation in any year of the history of the country. Vast 



52 Uncivilized Civilization 

sums of money were loaned to the allies before and 
after the United States entered the world war, by 
private American financiers and also through the 
United States government treasury which amounted 
to approximately eleven billion dollars ($11,000,000,- 
000). Material figures of the financial world show 
that the United States capital resources were actually 
increased with about thirty billion dollars ($30,000,- 
000,000) during the war. But what became of all these 
great extraordinary amounts of pecuniary means? 
The proper answer to the question is: that all these 
billions of dollars, obtained through loans and finan- 
cial war measures, have been swallowed up by certain 
individuals, i. e., by corrupt corporations and trusts 
of various industries. It is a fact that those who were 
considered rich men in ordinary times before the war 
became millionaires, and those who were millionaires 
became billionaires after the war by taking advantage 
of the war situations. As a matter of fact, the records 
of the Bureau of the United States Internal Revenue 
show that out of thirteen millionaires that existed in 
the United States before the great world war broke 
out, it has at present increased to approximately over 
fifty thousand (50,000) millionaires, which easily indi- 
cates that the above stated wealth accumulation is 



Uncivilized Civilization 53 

actually in the hands of the increased number of mil- 
lionaires. They simply accumulated great predatory 
wealth by deceiving and exploiting the government and 
the entire working class of the people. Professional 
speculators and highway robbers are in the same 
class.* The only difference is that by the first method 
erroneous wealth is accumulated under the guise of 
the law — which is worse than highway robbery, for a 
highway robber deprives only certain individuals of 
their property, and if captured, he is brought to justice 
and convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary for a 
given number of years, while the professional specu- 
lator is allowed to continue his business on unscru- 
pulous manners.! 

The masses of the working class are suffering in 
two ways: First, the Wall Street speculators, who 
are accumulating wealth at the expense of the sub- 
ordinate proletarians, who are forced to spend their 
last pennies for food stuffs, the price of which is made 
by the speculators and capitalists, and $ second, the 



* J. Helenus Ferguson 's The Philosophy of Civilisation, third para- 
graph, page 155. 

t See an article in the International Socialist Eeview of December, 
1916, entitled "Who Owns the United States ?" pages 357, 358 and 359, 
by E. F. Pettigrew. 

$ Criminality and Economic Conditions, by William Adria Bonger, 
page 405. 



54 Uncivilized Civilization 

poorer classes are suffering on account of industrial 
oppression and starvation wages, which enable the big 
corporations to make swollen fortunes and often lead 
to crimes — homicide and suicide being frequent results. 
As a rule, the more loyal the workers are to their 
employers the less human treatment they receive; 
the harder the work, the less the pay; the poorer the 
employe, the wealthier the employer. It is said that 
in no country of the world are the laborers as inde- 
pendent as in the United States. This is an unjustified 
statement. In fact, it is the reverse of conditions. 
The laboring people are considered as slaves by their 
employers. To illustrate this briefly: When a concern 
builds or annexes additional factory buildings to care 
for an enlarged business, its first consideration is for 
the prompt installation of the necessary industrial ma- 
chinery. It does not worry about securing sufficient 
men of experience and technical ability to run the 
machinery until after the equipment for the entire 
addition to the factory is secured. In other words, 
human labor is considered as of less value than factory 
machinery. They know very well that, when all is 
completed, an advertisement placed in the newspapers 
will bring great numbers of experienced and efficient 
applicants, from which they can select the number 



Uncivilized Civilization 55 

they require, and many more applicants are turned 
away than are taken on as employes. Does this show 
that American workers are independent and consid- 
ered as more valuable than machinery to the industrial 
world? 

It is a fact that in no country on earth is the dis- 
cipline of the working classes as severe as in the 
United States, and in no other country can be found 
the industrial unrest and the adequate necessity for 
the establishment of an industrial democracy, as well 
as political democracy, as in America in general. 

It would be needless to relate, much less to prove, 
the depressing and terrible conditions under which 
the laborers of Eockef eller and various coal mine own- 
ers are working. Their very lives are in danger every 
minute. How many times during the year we read of 
great numbers of miners being burned, or buried alive, 
as a result of explosions and other catastrophes in 
mines, and of the sad labor conditions in other great 
industries. There are, for instance, certain periods 
when the American worker does not see the light of 
day for over three continuous months, except on Sun- 
days. It would be no worse in Siberia, at the North 
Pole, or in other places on the globe where the sun 
does not shine for long stretches of time. From the 



56 Uncivilized Civilization 

last part of autumn until the beginning of spring the 
workers get up when it is dark in order to reach the 
factories before the whistles blow, and they do not 
leave these factories until it is dark. 

It is the working classes who bear on their shoul- 
ders the greatest suffering, struggling for a human ex- 
istence. "When the trade seasons change large numbers 
of employes are laid off for certain periods of time. 
When a strike breaks out, for the purpose of bettering 
the conditions of the laboring classes and securing 
higher wages for them, employes and their families 
are the first to suffer untold misery and privations 
until such ends are accomplished. Winter brings star- 
vation and pauperism to the laboring classes because 
of the high price of fuel and food stuffs and lack of 
work, especially in times of a national industrial crisis. 

The average working man receives such a low wage, 
even during the busiest seasons, that he has slight 
chances to save up for the time when he is certain to 
be laid off and out of work. In many cases he is 
hardly able to make a living for his family on his 
small weekly wages. Some few employes are able to 
save a mere pittance from their earnings, but vast 
numbers are not only unable to save some part of 
their pay roll, but spend their wages before receiving 



Uncivilized Civilization 57 

them — not because their families are living in comfort 
and luxury, but simply because they are unable to 
make a normal living on the low wages they receive, 
especially at the present high cost of living. 

It is not necessary to explain why discontents and 
grievances against capital are on the increase among 
the laboring classes. It is not to be wondered that 
capitalists are denouncing certain leaders and labor 
agitators because they are advocating the cause of the 
laboring classes and making them understand how 
their employers are ruining them morally, financially 
and physically. One cannot blame the laboring classes 
for being their employers' opponents — chaos con- 
stantly exists between the two classes. After working 
an entire year for their employers they are financially 
in the same condition as when they started to work, 
while their employers at the end of the year show on 
their financial reports tens of millions of dollars in 
net profits — produced through the efforts and sole 
agency of their employes ' working power. 

It is a fact that the present capital and labor con- 
troversies are a disgrace, an outrage from a social eco- 
nomic standpoint and a retardment to the present and 
future progress of civilization, because certain indi- 
vidual capitalists are in possession of almost the 



58 Uncivilized Civilization 

entire wealth of this country. In other words, one has 
what rightfully belongs to millions, and millions have 
nothing. The accumulation of millions by a few in 
such a way that it is of no use to the many, and the 
fact that the many are unable to remedy the preju- 
diced conditions, is beyond a doubt a shame to the 
humanity of the present century, and an additional 
proof of the uncivilized state of this era. It is also an 
obstacle to the progress of civilization in the future.* 
The United States has the reputation of being the 
wealthiest country on earth. In a certain sense this 
is probably true, but what is meant when you mention 
the "country of the United States' '? Does it mean 
that the great mass of people living in the United 
States possess its wealth? No. While it is true that 
the United States ranks higher than any other country 
financially, i. e., great gold and other wealthy pro- 
ductive mines can be found in the United States, it 
is also true that almost the entire wealth of this coun- 
try is in the hands of certain individuals, and when 
we speak of the wealth of the United States, we do 
not mean the "country of the United States," but 
certain individual multimillionaires and billionaires of 

* See Ancient Civilization, by Roscoe Lewis Ashley, page 6. 



Uncivilized Civilization 59 

this country. According to the definition as given in 
the dictionaries, a country means "the entire inhabi- 
tants of a certain region," therefore the statement 
that the United States is the richest country on earth 
is untrue. 

According to statistics the rich of this country com- 
pose about 2 per cent of the entire population and 
possess over 60 per cent of the country's wealth; the 
middle class composes about 33 per cent of the popu- 
lation and possesses but 35 per cent of the wealth, and 
the poor make up 65 per cent of the total number of 
inhabitants and have only 5 per cent of the wealth of 
the entire country.* From these figures it is easy to 
see that the country of the United States is not the 
wealthiest in the world. When discussing the wealth 
of nations it would be better to name Rockefeller, 
Morgan, Carnegie and other billionaires of the United 
States than to say that the United States is the wealth- 
iest. These men represent and regulate the money of 
this country.! 



* This statistical data has been secured from the U. S. Industrial 
Kelations Commission, made during the investigation carried on before 
the beginning of the war. It should not be forgotten that the war has 
lowered the financial conditions of the poor and raised the financial con- 
ditions of the rich. 

t See footnote 2 to page 53. 



60 Uncivilized Civilization 

The great bulk of money and real and personal 
estate in every great city of the United States is prac- 
tically owned by a few men. When passing through 
the boulevards of Greater New York one is amazed 
by the number of people passing to and fro in auto- 
mobiles, bound for wonderful performances, the parks, 
hotels, clubs, etc. For a little while one may think 
that in this country all have money and can own an 
automobile. After reviewing the boulevards, should 
one pass through the neighborhoods of the East Side 
and the districts of Liberty and Washington Streets, 
in this same wonderful city of New York, and see the 
unsanitary conditions, he would receive a different im- 
pression. He would think of the boulevards as a 
dream and believe the whole United States to be un- 
sanitary and poverty stricken. On Michigan Boule- 
vard in Chicago the automobiles of the wealthy pass 
in droves all day long, but it does not take long to for- 
get this picture when one visits the famous packing 
town district ; and these scenes are repeated in all the 
large cities of this "rich country." 

There is a pitiful contrast between the conditions 
of the rich and poor, the employer and employee. Both 
are born equal in the sight of God, but one is fortunate 
and enjoys good environments while the other's herit- 



Uncivilized Civilization 61 

age is poverty and suffering. In the great hotels and 
clubs of Chicago the opulent elements lounge in com- 
fort and luxury, while hundreds of thousands are ap- 
plying for financial aid at the different charitable in- 
stitutions. And when the environments and living 
conditions of the families who are employed at the 
packing houses would be reviewed, it would be found 
that those men are treated as slaves. And even at the 
Southern States of the Union, there can still be found 
at those historical places where the colored people, 
except the fact that they are receiving about $1.00 per 
day, are also still working under the old slavery whip 
system similar, and in many instances worse than the 
conditions which existed before the famous Lincoln 
Proclamation of Emancipation period. 

We all wonder why multi-millionaires are in 
possession of such great fortunes, it is not because 
they possess greater wisdom, mental power, or 
business experience — which should be the chief reason 
for possessing such huge wealth. It is, rather the 
result of a corrupt and depraved business system and 
universal industrial exploitation. 

Numbers of great statesmen, scientists, philoso- 
phers, college professors, and others of remarkable 
genius of modern technique are not only unable to 



62 Uncivilized Civilization 

accumulate anything in the form of savings during the 
year, but in most cases are also unable to make a living 
for their families on the salaries they receive. They 
naturally depend upon what they can make from the 
tuitions paid by the students usually poor themselves, 
and upon the philanthropy being subsidized by ignor- 
ant multi-millionaires, who, having less knowledge and 
working less with their mental faculties, and not at all 
with their hands, have a surplus at the end of each 
year tens of millions of dollars. 

The enormous wealth accumulation system by in- 
dividuals, long in operation, proved unsuccessful and 
inefficient to the general welfare of humanity as a 
whole. If wealth accumulations in modern times 
should be continued, it should at least be modified 
or substituted, to the extent for the benefit of the 
many and not for the few men, who possess less wis- 
dom and more fortune. The latter should be deprived 
of their inherited wealth and left a certain amount 
according to their mental efficiency, and those who are 
in possession of more brains and practical knowledge 
should be placed in certain degrees of capital accord- 
ingly. This system of course, could be established 
through a certain institution consisting of great psy- 
chologists and specialists whose duties would be as- 



Uncivilized Civilization 63 

signed to scrutinize the mental efficiencies of the 
human mind. Men such as Rockefeller, Armour, 
Swift, or the two young butchers who are the heads of 
Morris' packing plants, should be left riches accord- 
ing to the ability of butchers, and the rest of the 
millions should be distributed to others who deserve 
and can make more use of them, for the general utili- 
zation of the masses. This system, if established, 
would prove much better than the present. It also 
would be a great relief for human sufferings. 

The large sums of money which philanthropists 
(so called) donate to various public welfare institu- 
tions are seldom given because they wish to be kind to 
the human race. They are giving to show the world 
that those who give do not only mind their own 
business interests, but are also interested in civic wel- 
fare and institutions of charity for the common needy 
— a showy gift from the fortunate to the unfortunate. 
The public in general knows very well that the welfare 
work of the rich is just a palliative and also one of 
their business tricks. 

If Mr. Rockefeller, Judge Gary, etc., were really 
socially and humanly benevolent, they would cease 
starvation wages and ill-treatment among their em- 
ployes and do everything in their power to better their 



64 Uncivilized Civilization 

conditions. Instead, they are doing all they can to 
prevent their employes from organizing into unions 
for the purpose of securing higher wages and better 
working conditions, and when they make philanthropic 
donations, they raise the price on oil or steel, etc., 
enough to cover the amount given, and, moreover, the 
head of Sears, Roebuck & Company and all other phi- 
lanthropists work in a similar way. When they de- 
crease one per cent of their employes' wages, they have 
vast sums of money for philanthropic purposes. Those 
who give direct from their treasures do so merely to 
promote and gain their present honor and post human 
fame in prominent circles of society. 

When you visit the plants at West Pullman, Illinois, 
and the Chicago Stock Yards, and see the pay en- 
velopes of the unskilled laborers, and knowing the 
amount of work they actually turn over, it would then 
not be of any wonder why the heads of different in- 
dustries are usually giving certain sums of money 
to charity activities at certain intervals. At a recent 
hearing before Judge Alschuler, Federal Arbitrator 
for the Chicago Stock Yards, settling controversies 
arising between the employes and employers, it was 
proved that weekly charity contributions are greater 
than the weekly salaries some employes of the Chicago 



Uncivilized Civilization 65 

and other packing industries are actually receiving. 
Note also the tens of millions of dollars in net profits 
shown in the fiscal year's records of Sears, Roebuck 
& Company, the great mail order house, and consider 
the great number of girls who are employed at the low- 
est possible weekly wages. When the head of this firm 
donates half a million dollars or so, at certain inter- 
vals, to philanthropy, it causes a clamor among social 
workers, but it is at the expense of the employes of 
the firm. This concern, and many others of like 
nature, are all the year round advertising in the "Help 
Wanted" columns of the newspapers of their cities 
for help, no matter whether they really need new em- 
ployes or not. This is generally known in the com- 
mercial world as a business boosting trick. They 
advertise their business in this manner, at the expense 
of poor unemployed people. Those who are unem- 
ployed and seeking jobs, and who are little acquainted 
with such advertisements, are the victims — morally 
and financially. In the first place, they are reduced to 
a lower stage of despondency when they find they can- 
not secure the positions listed, and, in the second place, 
they are induced by such advertisements to spend their 
last dimes for carfare. These fake advertisements 
are another outrage to present society, and boosting 



66 Uncivilized Civilization 

business at the expense of the unemployed should 
cease. Any government investigation, if undertaken, 
could easily prove that the concerns that run such 
advertisements pay the newspapers in advance for 
printing them continually, the year round, whether 
necessary or not. Everyone knows that these con- 
cerns would not need to advertise at all. Men who 
are idle would apply at their employment offices in 
sufficient numbers to fill all vacancies. 

Great numbers of people, especially in the winter 
time, are forced to conditions of vagrancy and crime 
as a result of inability to secure permanent, or even 
temporary, work at any salary. When a man applies 
at one place after another for work, and is refused, 
the only thing left for him to do is to apply to pro- 
fessional charity for aid or commit crimes. The suf- 
fering, distress and miserable surroundings of the 
poor today are entirely due to the ordinances of the 
present society. These ordinances put thousands of 
people in the ranks of the unemployed, which results 
in poverty and crime. 

Why do we find so many prisons overcrowded with 
prisoners? So many insane asylums, hospitals and 
like institutions overflowing with suffering people? 
Why do such great numbers of people die an early 



Uncivilized Civilization 67 

death who would no doubt live a normal lifetime under 
different circumstances ? Thousands of people of both 
sexes are committing suicides as a result of being un- 
able to make a decent living and not wanting to 
humiliate themselves by appearing before unscrupu- 
lous professional charity institutions. 

As a matter of fact, according to The Save a Life 
League, the rate of suicides in one hundred principal 
cities of the United States before the war was 20.7. In 
1918, when the war was at its height, the rate was 
only 14.5. 

Since the signing of the armistice there has been 
a constant increasing number of suicides everywhere. 
From foreign countries reports show a serious situa- 
tion. Vienna, for example, states that twice as many 
men as women ended their lives last year (in 1919). 
The total number was one thousand one hundred and 
thirty-eight (1,138). In Germany, Russia, Syria and 
other countries of the world where the numbers have 
been very large, the cause is attributed to many who 
have been driven to despair because of miserable liv- 
ing conditions which were brought on as a direct result 
of the world war. Suicides of the present time have 
been quite common, especially by soldiers and their 
lovers. China, it is reported, leads in numbers as 
many as 500,000 in one year. 



68 Uncivilized Civilization 

In the United States, during the year of 1919, over 
five thousand (5,000) were brought to the attention of 
The Save a Life League ; three thousand two hundred 
and twelve (3,212) of those unfortunates were men 
and one thousand nine hundred and nine (1,909) were 
women. If accurate reports were obtainable, it is pre- 
sumed that approximately twenty thousand (20,000) 
would be the correct annual figure, but a considerable 
number of suicides that are in frequent occurrence are 
as a rule not reported. The suicides of women are 
particularly very sorrowful. In all statistical data 
this sex used to number about one among every four, 
now it numbers one to every three. 

Among five thousand (5,000) cases of suicides hav- 
ing been reported to The Save a Life League, in 1919, 
editors of newspapers are generally considered to be 
immune. Other professions show, nevertheless, an un- 
happy record. For example, there were in the said 
year thirty-six physicians, thirty-eight instructors 
(among them nine were college professors) and eleven 
clergymen. There were also twenty presidents of large 
business concerns who ended their lives, and almost as 
many merchants, and also more than fifty club men, 
millionaires and wealthy society ladies. 



Uncivilized Civilization 69 

According to the latest report made public August 
1, 1920, by The Save a Life League, as a semi-annual 
issue, the report shows that suicides in general are on 
the increase in the United States. During the first six 
months of 1919 the League received reports of two 
thousand and sixty-three (2,063) suicides in the United 
States; this year the number is two thousand seven 
hundred and seventy-one (2,771). Male suicides were 
one thousand eight hundred and ten (1,810), and 
female nine hundred and sixty-one (961). In 1919 
there were three hundred and eighty-five (385) sui- 
cides in New York alone during the first six months. 
This year the total is 343 — 234 men and 109 women. 
From January to July of the year 1920 one hundred 
and sixty-two (162) demobilized soldiers unfortu- 
nately ended their lives. 

Society of modern times is guilty of all the inhuman 
casualties occurring frequently in this world. When 
a man is in great distress, having tried all kinds of 
honorable ways with reference to make a living, and 
failing, and being homeless, suffering mentally, physi- 
cally, morally starving, and unable to see any hope 
ahead, he is as a direct result most of the time forced to 
steal or commit other crimes in order to live. If caught 
and convicted, he is in such cases better satisfied than 



70 Uncivilized Civilization 

when trying to make a living against such odds. In 
the penitentiary, or jail, he receives more food and 
better care than, as a rule, in the open under present 
existing conditions. 

If such situations and sad circumstances were in- 
vestigated, for the purpose of ascertaining as to 
whether a certain crime was committed as a result of 
too much pleasure or luxury, or because of the grave 
environments and severe distress of the wrongdoer 
and his family, it would be proved to society that these 
convicts are no worse than the richer class. If, for 
example, all the people who are tempted to commit 
crimes, felonies, etc., because of a stricken financial 
condition, should be given the wealth of such men as 
Rockefeller, Morgan, Armour and Swift, and all those 
men should be placed in the positions of the poor, don't 
you think the former millionaires would commit just 
as many crimes as are being committed by the poor, 
financially stricken class? They are already suffi- 
ciently evil to commit misdemeanors, by conducting 
their business in a corrupt manner, and are often ac- 
cused by the government. In order to amass huge 
fortunes, for the wealth they can accumulate in an 
honest way is not enough for their unfathomed treas- 



Uncivilized Civilization 71 

uries,* they use depraved schemes to accumulate 
money under rich and comfortable conditions. It is 
possible that these same millionaires, or billionaires, 
if made to live in the distressing environments of those 
who now commit crimes as a result of such environ- 
ments, would commit like crimes. 

Any person of clear vision will concede that there 
is very little blame due the individual who is forced 
to commit a crime, if he will take the trouble to make 
an investigation and learn the causes which led the 
criminal to such an act. "Necessitas non hdbet legem 97 
(Necessity has no law). If such investigations were 
made it would be ascertained that any man in great 
misery, poverty and distress will commit any crime 
in order that his family may be kept from starvation. 

For example, in Chicago it recently occurred that 
a widow, being physically and financially stricken, ad- 
vertised in a newspaper that she was willing to give 
away her six children to anybody who would care for 
them, as she could neither support them nor herself. 
"Magnas inter opes inopos" (poor in the midst of 
great wealth). Millionaires are making enormous 



* Criminality and Economic Conditions, by William Adria Bonger, 
page 263, chapter 11. 



72 Uncivilized Civilization 

profits. As another example, some time ago a hospital 
in New York — the richest and second largest city in 
the world — advertised that a certain measure of blood 
transfusion was necessary for a patient, and many 
answered the advertisement — willing to sell their life 's 
blood for a few dollars in order to aid their families, 
who w T ere in great distress. These instances are given 
to show that people who are living under the present 
miserable conditions of the poor are willing not only 
to commit crimes and felonies, but also to sacrifice 
their own bodies in order to keep off starvation. 

It is true that there are professional criminals in 
the various prisons serving terms therein for crimes 
they have committed, but that does not necessarily 
indicate that there are not convicts in these same jails 
who would never have committed a crime if they had 
not been forced to it by severe necessity. Had it not 
been for the conditions under which they lived they 
would be like all other honest, well-to-do citizens. 

In conclusion, the writers desire to add this : The 
world as a whole has always in its possession and com- 
prises in its universe enormous quantities of good, in 
every material capacity, more than it has evil, i. e., 
wealthy natural resources, which can at any time be 
made productive and of great use to the cause and wel- 



Uncivilized Civilization 73 

fare of humanity in general, and benevolence in par- 
ticular, but nevertheless history indicates and experi- 
ence proves, from centuries of human existence, that 
instead of grasping and utilizing the opportunities of 
the good, humanity has always rather preferred, and 
still prefers, the evil. 



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